Full Book Review of How and Why Species Multiply
How and Why Species Multiply The Radiations of Darwin's Finches
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218 pages, 120 colour illustrations
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Charles Darwin's experiences in the Galápagos Islands in 1835 helped to guide his thoughts toward a revolutionary theory: that species were not stock-still just diversified from their ancestors over many generations, and that the driving mechanism of evolutionary change was natural pick.
In this concise, accessible book, Peter and Rosemary Grant explicate what we accept learned most the origin and evolution of new species through the report of the finches made famous past him: Darwin's finches. Drawing upon their unique observations of finch evolution over a thirty-iv-year period, the Grants trace the evolutionary history of fourteen different species from a shared ancestor three million years ago. They show how repeated cycles of speciation involved adaptive alter through natural selection on pecker size and shape, and departure in songs. They explain other factors that drive finch evolution, including geographical isolation, which has kept the Galápagos relatively free of competitors and predators; an increase in the number of islands and climate change over the terminal three million years, which enhanced opportunities for speciation; and flexibility in the early learning of feeding skills, which helped species to exploit new food resources.
Throughout, the Grants show how the laboratory tools of developmental biological science and molecular genetics can be combined with observations and experiments on birds in the field to gain deeper insights into why the world is so biologically rich and diverse.
Contents
Listing of Illustrations xi
List of Tables 15
Preface xvii
Chapter Ane: The Biodiversity Problem and Darwin'due south Finches 1
Biodiversity 1
The Choice of Organisms 2
Darwin'southward Finches 3
Variety of Darwin's Finch Species v
Species and Populations 8
Overview of the Volume 11
Affiliate Ii: Origins and History thirteen
Introduction 13
Phylogeny 14
Ancestors 16
The Time of Arrival 16
Colonization 17
The Ecological Theater 18
A Alter of Scenery 21
The Evolutionary Play 22
Recent History 22
Summary 25
Chapter Iii: Modes of Speciation 26
The Formation of New Species 26
Ii Groups from One 27
Difference in Allopatry 28
Coexistence in Sympatry 29
Sympatric Speciation 30
Parapatric Speciation 31
Testing the Models 33
Summary 33
Affiliate Four: Colonization of an Island 35
Speciation: The Initial Divide 35
Establishment of a New Population 35
Founder Furnishings: Expectations from Theory 36
A Colonization Event 38
Inbreeding 39
Recurrent Immigration 39
An Alternative Phenology of Founder Effects 42
Conclusion 42
Species Elsewhere 44
Summary 45
Affiliate FIVE: Natural Choice, Adaptation, and Development 46
Adaptation 46
Beak Sizes and Diets 47
Adaptive Evolution When the Environs Changes 50
Natural Pick 52
Evolution 54
Oscillating Directional Pick 55
Extrapolating from Short to Long Term 58
The Sources of Variation 58
How Beaks Are Formed 59
Depth and Width 59
Length 62
Summary 63
CHAPTER 6: Ecological Interactions 65
Introduction 65
Competition 66
Patterns of Coexistence 66
Diets Inferred from Beaks 67
Interpreting the Patterns 67
Character Displacement and Release 68
Character Displacement Observed 68
The Competitive Role of G. Magnirostris 69
Selection under Contrasting Conditions 73
Development of Character Displacement 73
Summary 75
Chapter Seven: Reproductive Isolation 76
Pre-mating Bulwark to Interbreeding 76
Factors Involved in the Discrimination between Species 76
Beaks 77
Vocal 77
Learning 79
Song Differences between Species 80
Song Difference in Allopatry 81
Adaptation to Habitat 83
Modify of Songs as a Consequence of Morphological Departure 84
The Role of Chance 86
Simulating Secondary Contact 88
Summary 91
Chapter Viii: Hybridization 92
Introduction 92
Hybridization 92
Why Hybridization Occurs 93
When Hybridization Does Not Occur 96
Hybrid Fitness 97
Introgression on Daphne Major 100
Introgression in the Archipelago 103
Reinforcement 103
Reproductive Character Displacement 105
Evolutionary Significance of Introgression 106
Summary 107
Chapter 9: Species and Speciation 108
Introduction 108
From Process to Production:What Is a Species? 109
A Working Definition 110
How Many Species of Darwin's Finches? 111
Certhidea olivacea: One Species or Two? 112
Geospiza difficilis: One Species or Iii? 113
From Product Dorsum to Process 114
Fission and Fusion 116
Summary 119
Affiliate Ten: Reconstructing the Radiation of Darwin's Finches 120
Introduction 120
The Shape of the Radiation 121
Speciation and Extinction 123
Speciation 125
Extinction 126
Implications for Phylogeny 127
Adaptive Landscape 128
A Pattern of Ecological Segregation 133
Specialization 134
The Buildup of Circuitous Communities 134
Summary 135
Chapter Eleven: Facilitators of Adaptive Radiations 137
Introduction 137
Environmental Opportunity 138
Geographical Suitability 139
Ecological Opportunity 140
High Diversification Potential 142
Behavioral Flexibility 142
Introgressive Hybridization 145
Hybridization and Animal Breeding 146
Environmental Conditions Conducive to Introgression 146
Finches versus Mockingbirds 148
Summary 150
CHAPTER TWELVE: The Life History of Adaptive Radiations 152
Introduction 152
The Kickoff Stage of Adaptive Radiation 153
The Second Stage of Adaptive Radiation 154
Haldane's Rule 157
The Third Stage of Adaptive Radiation 158
Synthesis 160
Summary 162
Affiliate THIRTEEN: Summary of the Darwin'southward Finch Radiations 163
What Happened and Why 163
What Is Missing? 165
Epilogue 166
Glossary 168
References 175
Author Alphabetize 201
Subject field Index 210
Customer Reviews
Biography
Popular Science
218 pages, 120 colour illustrations
"This book presents a succinct and most readable summary of one of the most important gimmicky field experiments in evolution and adaptive radiation. It should be basic reading for any biologist."
– Ghillean Prance, Biologist
"[T]he volume is authoritative, well prepared and edited [...] and attractive. The Grants have provide and excellent third part for the Darwin's finch trilogy, and this volume should serve admirably as a summary of the knowledge that they have accumulated."
– A. Townsend Peterson, Quarterly Review of Biology
"How and Why Species Multiply is so impressive and such a stimulating read for two chief reasons, the first being the data presented throughout the work. Rarely do we have such detailed information on any natural system and the volume draws neat force from this. The 2d reason is the commanding role given to ecological interactions in explaining the evolutionary dynamics of Darwin'due south finches."
– Utku Perktas, Ibis
"The volume is valuable every bit a condensed version of the huge amount of fine work the authors take done on the finches. It should be accessible to scientists and informed lay audiences alike. The theory and ecological aspects are very compelling."
– Robert Thou. Zink, Bioscience
"I really enjoyed this volume. Information technology is a fantabulous introduction both to the finches and to radiation on islands. The authors' statement that 'Speciation is a procedure and not an issue' should go 1 of the most famous quotes in evolutionary biology."
– John A. Endler, Academy of California, Santa Barbara
"A brilliant synthesis. The authors accept written a curtailed summary of current understanding of one of the archetype case studies of evolutionary diversification, Darwin'due south finches of the Galápagos. I tin think of no parallel to this piece of work. This book will be an inspiration to students. The Grants' love of the subject and the research comes through clearly."
– Jonathan B. Losos, Harvard University
"This is a volume that summarizes decades of research on Darwin's finches and integrates it into a very accessible synthesis. What actually distinguishes the book, of course, is the say-so of the authors, who take lived with these birds for many years and have unparalleled familiarity with them. Readers will benefit enormously from the scholarship in this book."
– David B. Wake, University of California, Berkeley
Source: https://www.nhbs.com/en/how-and-why-species-multiply-book
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